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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Blau Monuments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Blau Monuments, British Museum</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data">Gypsum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">96.5 cm long</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">3100-2700 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Present location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="London" title="London">London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">1928,0714.1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1291884410">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.875%;left:55.773%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uruk"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Uruk</div></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Near East</span></div></div></div><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.557%;left:68.926%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uruk"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Uruk</div></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iraq</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Blau Monuments</b> are a pair of inscribed stone objects from <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> now in the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are commonly thought to be a form of ancient <a href="Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurru</a> (boundary marker stone).<sup id="cite_ref-Gelb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The Monuments were purchased by A. Blau in 1886 near the city of <a href="Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> (modern-day <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>). They were eventually acquired by the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were carved of bright blue stone commonly regarded as a dark shale or kind of schist.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thought to be forgeries for some time,<sup id="cite_ref-Mallowan1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallowan1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mallowan2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallowan2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> excavations at Uruk redeemed them through revealing stylistic parallels in a basalt stele and the famous <a href="Warka_Vase" title="Warka Vase">Warka Vase</a>. Some assyriologists accepted the Monuments’ authenticity as early as 1901, although this was not a universal belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though widely accepted today, some authors nonetheless maintain scrutiny on the Monuments’ status within <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> history.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2></div>

<p>The Blau Monuments are dated within the <a href="Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Uruk III/Jemdet Nasr</a> to <a href="Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Sumer">Early Dynastic I period</a>. Some authors date the pair as early as 3100 BC on the basis of the <a href="Proto-Cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Cuneiform">Proto-Cuneiform</a> script, while others date them to the ED I period around 2700 BC because of other stylistically similar land sale records with a definite date in the ED I period. Both dates are equally represented in scholarly works; the majority of works citing the earliest date usually reference Gelb in their turn.<sup id="cite_ref-Barton1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barton1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mallowan1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallowan1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mallowan2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallowan2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gelb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imagery">Imagery</h2></div>

<p>The iconography on the Monuments is a matter of some dispute, upon which even recent scholars cannot wholly agree. Throughout their history, it has been consistently believed that the Monuments represented some form of transaction, usually in the form of a gift from a temple to its craftsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallowan1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallowan1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mallowan2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallowan2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the imagery has been taken to represent a ceremonial feast given by a new land-owner after a land purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obelisk_(BM_86261)">Obelisk (BM 86261)</h3></div>

<p>The obelisk (18 cm × 4.3 cm × 1.3 cm) shows male forms in two separate registers. The lower figure is a nude male who kneels with a pestle and mortar, which could suggest equally craftsmen or food preparation. He has parallels on the <a href="Warka_Vase" title="Warka Vase">Warka Vase</a>, where likewise nude males carry baskets of food for religious purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-DC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the upper register, a standing man with a beard, bordered net-skirt, and headband holds a four-legged animal in his hands (usually identified as either a sheep or a goat). This figure is a very common way throughout Mesopotamian art of depicting a male with power. This is generally considered as a depiction of a "Priest-King".<sup id="cite_ref-DC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plaque_(BM_86260)">Plaque (BM 86260)</h3></div>

<p>The obverse of the plaque (15.9 cm × 7.2 cm × 1.5 cm) shows a similarly hierarchical scene. The leftmost figure is another bearded, skirted man. He holds a long object with both hands. This object has been interpreted as a pestle or a land-sale cone; when compared to the workers elsewhere on the Monuments who are working with pestles, the former identification seems unlikely. This is generally considered as another depiction of the "Priest-King".<sup id="cite_ref-DC_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Priest King" appears on numerous works of art of the period, and even on a prehistoric Egyptian knife, the <a href="Gebel_el-Arak_Knife" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife">Gebel el-Arak Knife</a>, suggesting <a href="Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-DC_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most texts identify the right figure as a woman on the basis of Gelb’s identification, but if so, then ‘she’ lacks the characteristic dress present on other women from the same period, such as on the Ushumgal Stele. The reverse shows four men. Two are nude workers, kneeling with pestles and mortars. Between them stands a bald man wearing a net skirt. He holds his hands up like the smaller figure on the obverse. The remaining figure sits to the right, and appears nearly identical to the workers except slightly larger. This evidently depicts the process of food preparation for the feast.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelb_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DC_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2></div>

<p>Like the <a href="Stele_of_Ushumgal" title="Stele of Ushumgal">Stele of Ushumgal</a> and other works from a similar time period, the text on the Blau Monuments is not fully comprehensible. Certain signs are readily identified, while others have no known identification. The obelisk’s inscription clearly refers to "5 bur" of land (roughly 30 hectares), as well as a temple household and the profession "engar". This title refers to a high official in an agricultural field, which would suggest the presence of an individual able to undertake such a transaction. The plaque’s text lists commodities of many sorts, as well as several other names and additional undeciphered information. The assumption, then, is that these items were exchanged for the land on the obelisk.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2></div>

<p>As a result of the yet-undeciphered text and certain oddities in the iconography, any attempt at definitively declaring a purpose for the Monuments is naturally tenuous. The Monuments are two of only five “ancient kudurrus” listed by Gelb (a classification currently in dispute).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, they resist classification, and such a task is certainly not aided by the lack of definite information on their use.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Blau_Monuments" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Blau Monuments">Blau Monuments</a></span>.</div></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_blau_monuments.aspx">British Museum Highlights</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Gelb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gelb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gelb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gelb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gelb_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gelb_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. J. Gelb, P. Steinkeller, and R. M. Whiting Jr, "OIP 104. Earliest Land Tenure Systems in the Near East: Ancient Kudurrus", Oriental Institute Publications 104 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1989, 1991 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-91-898656-6</bdi> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip104_text.pdf">Text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip104_part_2.pdf">Plates</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reade, Julian E. (2000), “Early Carvings from the Mocatta, Blau, and Herzfeld Collections”, in: Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 2000/71, 81–8</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Mallowan1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallowan1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallowan1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallowan1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallowan, Max E. L. (1961a). Early Mesopotamia and Iran. London: Thames & Hudson</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Mallowan2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallowan2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallowan2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallowan2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1961b). The Birth of Written History. In: The Dawn of Civilization. Ed. by Stuart Piggott.

London: Thames & Hudson, 65–96</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Barton1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barton1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barton1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barton, George A. “Some Notes on the Blau Monuments.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 22, 1901, pp. 118–25</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barton, George A. “A New Collation of the Blau Monuments.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 24, 1903, pp. 388–89</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millard, A. 1998 "Books in the Late Bronze Age in the Levant" in Israel Oriental Studies Vol 18 (Anson F. Rainey festschrift), 171–181</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Postgate, J.N. (1992). Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. London: Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-11032-7</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Museum. Dept. of Western Asiatic Antiquities; Richard David Barnett; Donald John Wiseman (1969). Fifty masterpieces of ancient Near Eastern art in the Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities, the British Museum. British Museum. p. 41. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780714110691</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DC_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DC_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCollon1995" class="citation book cs1">Collon, Dominique (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTGc9YH-C38C&pg=PA51"><i>Ancient Near Eastern Art</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>53. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780520203075</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.mprl-series.mpg.de/media/proceedings/11/4/Proceedings11Chap04.pdf">[1]</a> Krebernik, Manfred. "Towards the Deciphering of the “Blau Monuments”: Some New Readings and Perspectives." Culture and Cognition: 35., In: Jürgen Renn and Matthias Schemmel (eds.): Culture and Cognition : Essays in Honor

of Peter Damerow, CHapter 4, 2019 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-945561-35-5</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathryn E. Slanski, "The Babylonian entitlement narûs (kudurrus) : a study in their form and function", Boston : American Schools of Oriental Research, 2003 <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>089757060X</bdi></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Balke, Thomas E., "The Interplay of Material, Text, and Iconography in Some of the Oldest “Legal” Documents". Materiality of Writing in Early Mesopotamia, edited by Thomas E. Balke and Christina Tsouparopoulou, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 73–94, 2016</li>

<li>Boese, Johannes, "Die Blau’schen Steine und der Priesterfürst im Netzrock", in: Altorien-talische Forschungen 37, pp. 208–22, 2010</li>

<li>Thureau-Dangin, F., "Recherches sur l'origine de l'ecriture cunéiforme. 1re partie, Les formes archaïques et leurs équivalents modernes", Paris: Leroux, 1898</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P005995">Obelisk page at CDLI</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P005996">Plaque page at CDLI</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="British_Museum176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Building</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Queen_Elizabeth_II_Great_Court" title="Queen Elizabeth II Great Court">Great Court</a></li>

<li><a href="King's_Library" title="King's Library">King's Library</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Museum_Reading_Room" title="British Museum Reading Room">Round Reading Room</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Departments<br>and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="British_Museum_Department_of_Africa%2C_Oceania_and_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas">Africa, Oceania<br>and Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</a></li>

<li><a href="Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a></li>

<li><a href="Briggs_Enigma" title="Briggs Enigma">Briggs Enigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Bronze_Head_from_Ife" title="Bronze Head from Ife">Bronze Head from Ife</a></li>

<li><a href="Codex_Kingsborough" title="Codex Kingsborough">Codex Kingsborough</a></li>

<li><a href="Double-headed_serpent" title="Double-headed serpent">Double-headed serpent</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoa_Hakananai'a" title="Hoa Hakananai'a">Hoa Hakananai'a</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Throne_of_Weapons" title="Throne of Weapons">Throne of Weapons</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kayung_totem_pole" title="Kayung totem pole">Kayung totem pole</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaxchilan_Lintel_24" title="Yaxchilan Lintel 24">Yaxchilan Lintel 24</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="British_Museum_Department_of_Ancient_Egypt_and_Sudan" title="British Museum Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan">Ancient Egypt<br>and Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battlefield_Palette" title="Battlefield Palette">Battlefield Palette</a></li>

<li><a href="Colossal_quartzite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III</a></li>

<li><a href="Colossal_red_granite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal head of Amenhotep III</a></li>

<li><a href="El-Amra_clay_model_of_cattle" title="El-Amra clay model of cattle">El-Amra clay model of cattle</a></li>

<li><a href="Gebelein_predynastic_mummies" title="Gebelein predynastic mummies">Gebelein predynastic mummies</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenfield_papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenfield papyrus">Greenfield papyrus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hornedjitef" title="Hornedjitef">Hornedjitef</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunters_Palette" title="Hunters Palette">Hunters Palette</a></li>

<li><a href="MacGregor_plaque" title="MacGregor plaque">MacGregor plaque</a></li>

<li><a href="Min_Palette" title="Min Palette">Min Palette</a></li>

<li><a href="Papyrus_of_Ani" title="Papyrus of Ani">Papyrus of Ani</a></li>

<li><a href="Prudhoe_Lions" title="Prudhoe Lions">Prudhoe Lions</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Rhind Mathematical Papyrus">Rhind Mathematical Papyrus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Sphinx_of_Taharqo" title="Sphinx of Taharqo">Sphinx of Taharqo</a></li>

<li><a href="Statues_of_Amun_in_the_form_of_a_ram_protecting_King_Taharqa" title="Statues of Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa">Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa</a></li>

<li><a href="Younger_Memnon" title="Younger Memnon">Younger Memnon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="British_Museum_Department_of_Asia" title="British Museum Department of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Admonitions_Scroll" title="Admonitions Scroll">Admonitions Scroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Aphsad_inscription_of_%C4%80dityasena" title="Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena">Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena</a></li>

<li><a href="Amaravati_Marbles" title="Amaravati Marbles">Amaravati Marbles</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambika_Statue_from_Dhar" title="Ambika Statue from Dhar">Ambika Statue from Dhar</a></li>

<li><a href="Amit%C4%81bha_Buddha_from_Hancui" title="Amitābha Buddha from Hancui">Amitābha Buddha from Hancui</a></li>

<li><a href="Bimaran_casket" title="Bimaran casket">Bimaran casket</a></li>

<li><a href="Buddhapad_Hoard" title="Buddhapad Hoard">Buddhapad Hoard</a></li>

<li><a href="Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Vases" title="David Vases">David Vases</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhaneswar_Khera_Buddha_image_inscription" title="Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription">Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription</a></li>

<li><a href="Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li>

<li><a href="Huixian_Bronze_Hu" title="Huixian Bronze Hu">Huixian Bronze Hu</a></li>

<li><a href="Jade_terrapin_from_Allahabad" title="Jade terrapin from Allahabad">Jade terrapin from Allahabad</a></li>

<li><a href="Kakiemon_elephants_(British_Museum)" title="Kakiemon elephants (British Museum)">Kakiemon elephants</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a></li>

<li><a href="Klang_Bell" title="Klang Bell">Klang Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathura_lion_capital" title="Mathura lion capital">Mathura lion capital</a></li>

<li><a href="Miraculous_Image_of_Liangzhou" title="Miraculous Image of Liangzhou">Miraculous Image of Liangzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Percival_David_Foundation_of_Chinese_Art" title="Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art">Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art</a></li>

<li><a href="Seated_Buddha_from_Gandhara" title="Seated Buddha from Gandhara">Seated Buddha from Gandhara</a></li>

<li><a href="Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Tara" title="Statue of Tara">Statue of Tara</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Vishnu_Nicolo_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Nicolo Seal">Vishnu Nicolo Seal</a></li>

<li><a href="Wardak_Vase" title="Wardak Vase">Wardak Vase</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="British_Museum_Department_of_Greece_and_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Greece and Rome">Greece<br>and Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aegina_Treasure" title="Aegina Treasure">Aegina Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Aineta_aryballos" title="Aineta aryballos">Aineta aryballos</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_of_Cyrene" title="Apollo of Cyrene">Apollo of Cyrene</a></li>

<li><a href="Archangel_ivory" title="Archangel ivory">Archangel ivory</a></li>

<li><a href="Arcisate_Treasure" title="Arcisate Treasure">Arcisate Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Armento_Rider" title="Armento Rider">Armento Rider</a></li>

<li><a href="Arundel_Head" title="Arundel Head">Arundel Head</a></li>

<li><a href="Asclepius_of_Milos" title="Asclepius of Milos">Asclepius of Milos</a></li>

<li><a href="Barber_Cup_and_Crawford_Cup" title="Barber Cup and Crawford Cup">Barber Cup and Crawford Cup</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassae_Frieze" title="Bassae Frieze">Bassae Frieze</a></li>

<li><a href="Beaurains_Treasure" title="Beaurains Treasure">Beaurains Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Blacas_Cameo" title="Blacas Cameo">Blacas Cameo</a></li>

<li><a href="Boscoreale_Treasure" title="Boscoreale Treasure">Boscoreale Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Boy_with_Thorn" title="Boy with Thorn">Boy with Thorn</a></li>

<li><a href="Braganza_Brooch" title="Braganza Brooch">Braganza Brooch</a></li>

<li><a href="Bronze_Head_of_Hypnos_from_Civitella_d'Arna" title="Bronze Head of Hypnos from Civitella d'Arna">Bronze head of Hypnos</a></li>

<li><a href="Burgon_vase" title="Burgon vase">Burgon vase</a></li>

<li><a href="Bursa_Treasure" title="Bursa Treasure">Bursa Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Campo_Iemini_Venus" title="Campo Iemini Venus">Campo Iemini Venus</a></li>

<li><a href="Carthage_Treasure" title="Carthage Treasure">Carthage Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Caubiac_Treasure" title="Caubiac Treasure">Caubiac Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaourse_Treasure" title="Chaourse Treasure">Chaourse Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Chatsworth_Head" title="Chatsworth Head">Chatsworth Head</a></li>

<li><a href="Chatuzange_Treasure" title="Chatuzange Treasure">Chatuzange Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Choiseul-Gouffier_Apollo" title="Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo">Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Demeter_of_Knidos" title="Demeter of Knidos">Demeter of Knidos</a></li>

<li><a href="Dionysus_Sardanapalus" title="Dionysus Sardanapalus">Dionysus Sardanapalus</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Discobolus" title="Discobolus">Discobolus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Elgin_Amphora" title="Elgin Amphora">Elgin Amphora</a></li>

<li><a href="Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a></li>

<li><a href="Esquiline_Treasure" title="Esquiline Treasure">Esquiline Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphorbos_plate" title="Euphorbos plate">Euphorbos plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Farnese_Diadumenos" title="Farnese Diadumenos">Farnese Diadumenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Guilford_Puteal" title="Guilford Puteal">Guilford Puteal</a></li>

<li><a href="Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Herculean_Sarcophagus_of_Genzano" title="Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano">Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano</a></li>

<li><a href="Jennings_Dog" title="Jennings Dog">Jennings Dog</a></li>

<li><a href="Lion_of_Knidos" title="Lion of Knidos">Lion of Knidos</a></li>

<li><a href="Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a></li>

<li><a href="Macmillan_aryballos" title="Macmillan aryballos">Macmillan aryballos</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C3%A2con_Treasure" title="Mâcon Treasure">Mâcon Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Mainz_Gladius" title="Mainz Gladius">Mainz Gladius</a></li>

<li><a href="Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li>

<li><a href="Minoan_Bull-leaper" title="Minoan Bull-leaper">Minoan Bull-leaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscan_Tablet" title="Oscan Tablet">Oscan Tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Papyri of Oxyrhynchus</a>

<li><a href="Paramythia_Hoard" title="Paramythia Hoard">Paramythia Hoard</a></li>

<li><a href="Pericles_with_the_Corinthian_helmet" title="Pericles with the Corinthian helmet">Pericles bust</a></li>

<li><a href="Petelia_Gold_Tablet" title="Petelia Gold Tablet">Petelia Gold Tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Piranesi_Vase" title="Piranesi Vase">Piranesi Vase</a></li>

<li><a href="Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</a></li>

<li><a href="Priene_inscription_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Priene inscription of Alexander the Great">Priene dedicatory inscription</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_the_Great's_edict_to_Priene" title="Alexander the Great's edict to Priene">Priene edict inscription</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Sosti_Axe-Head" title="San Sosti Axe-Head">San Sosti Axe-Head</a></li>

<li><a href="Sant'Angelo_Muxaro_Patera" title="Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera">Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarcophagus_of_Seianti_Hanunia_Tlesnasa" title="Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa">Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa</a></li>

<li><a href="Satala_Aphrodite" title="Satala Aphrodite">Satala Aphrodite</a></li>

<li><a href="Stony_Stratford_Hoard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony Stratford Hoard">Stony Stratford Hoard</a></li>

<li><a href="Strangford_Apollo" title="Strangford Apollo">Strangford Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></li>

<li>Townley collection

<ul><li><a href="Townley_Antinous" title="Townley Antinous">Antinous</a></li>

<li><a href="Townley_Caryatid" title="Townley Caryatid">Caryatid</a></li>

<li><a href="Townley_Discobolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Townley Discobolus">Discobolus</a></li>

<li><a href="Townley_Hadrian" title="Townley Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Townley_Venus" title="Townley Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Uerdingen_Hoard" title="Uerdingen Hoard">Uerdingen Hoard</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaison_Diadumenos" title="Vaison Diadumenos">Vaison Diadumenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Warren_Cup" title="Warren Cup">Warren Cup</a></li>

<li><a href="Xanten_Horse-Phalerae" title="Xanten Horse-Phalerae">Xanten Horse-Phalerae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="British_Museum_Department_of_the_Middle_East" title="British Museum Department of the Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ain_Sakhri_figurine" title="Ain Sakhri figurine">Ain Sakhri figurine</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_lion_weights" title="Assyrian lion weights">Assyrian lion weights</a></li>

<li><a href="Balawat_Gates" title="Balawat Gates">Balawat Gates</a></li>

<li><a href="Blacas_ewer" title="Blacas ewer">Blacas ewer</a></li>

<li><a href="Uruk_Trough" title="Uruk Trough">Uruk Trough</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmer_Cup" title="Palmer Cup">Palmer Cup</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_of_Ur" title="Standard of Ur">Standard of Ur</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_in_a_Thicket" title="Ram in a Thicket">Ram in a Thicket</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">Lyres of Ur</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_al-'Ubaid_Copper_Lintel" title="Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel">Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel</a></li>

<li><a href="White_Obelisk" title="White Obelisk">White Obelisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a></li>

<li><a href="Kition_Necropolis_Phoenician_inscriptions" title="Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions">Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions</a></li>

<li><a href="Burney_Relief" title="Burney Relief">Burney Relief</a></li>

<li><a href="Complaint_tablet_to_Ea-n%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir" title="Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir">Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir</a></li>

<li><a href="Tablet_of_Shamash" title="Tablet of Shamash">Tablet of Shamash</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Idrimi" title="Statue of Idrimi">Statue of Idrimi</a></li>

<li><a href="Babylonian_Map_of_the_World" title="Babylonian Map of the World">Babylonian Map of the World</a></li>

<li><a href="Rassam_cylinder" title="Rassam cylinder">Rassam cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Cylinders_of_Nabonidus" title="Cylinders of Nabonidus">Cylinders of Nabonidus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)</a></li>

<li><a href="Jar_of_Xerxes_I" title="Jar of Xerxes I">Jar of Xerxes I</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Sennacherib's_Annals" title="Sennacherib's Annals">Taylor Prism</a></li>

<li><a href="Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</a></li>

<li><a href="Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</a></li>

<li><a href="Ur_Box_inscription" title="Ur Box inscription">Ur Box inscription</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurkh_Monoliths" title="Kurkh Monoliths">Kurkh Monoliths</a></li>

<li><a href="Antiochus_cylinder" title="Antiochus cylinder">Antiochus cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimrud_ivories" title="Nimrud ivories">Nimrud ivories</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_metal_bowls" title="Phoenician metal bowls">Phoenician metal bowls</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="British_Museum_Department_of_Prehistory_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prehistory and Europe">Prehistory<br>and Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Miniature_altarpiece_(WB.232)" title="Miniature altarpiece (WB.232)">Boxwood altar</a></li>

<li><a href="Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Lindow_Man" title="Lindow Man">Lindow Man</a></li>

<li><a href="Mildenhall_Treasure" title="Mildenhall Treasure">Mildenhall Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Ringlemere_Cup" title="Ringlemere Cup">Ringlemere Cup</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Gold_Cup" title="Royal Gold Cup">Royal Gold Cup</a></li>

<li><a href="Seax_of_Beagnoth" title="Seax of Beagnoth">Seax of Beagnoth</a></li>

<li><a href="Sutton_Hoo_trove" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutton Hoo trove">Sutton Hoo trove</a></li>

<li><a href="Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Sutton_Hoo_purse-lid" title="Sutton Hoo purse-lid">Sutton Hoo purse-lid</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Swimming_Reindeer" title="Swimming Reindeer">Swimming Reindeer</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda Tablets</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampsacus_Treasure" title="Lampsacus Treasure">Lampsacus Treasure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="British_Museum_Department_of_Prints_and_Drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings">Prints and<br>Drawings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="D%C3%BCrer's_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">Dürer's Rhinoceros</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Epifania_(Michelangelo_drawing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epifania (Michelangelo drawing)">Epifania</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Isabella_Brant_(drawing)" title="Isabella Brant (drawing)">Isabella Brant</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Disasters_of_War" title="The Disasters of War">The Disasters of War</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies">The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Triumphal_Arch_(woodcut)" title="Triumphal Arch (woodcut)">Triumphal Arch</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="British_Museum_Department_of_Coins_and_Medals" title="British Museum Department of Coins and Medals">Coins and Medals</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Museum_Department_of_Conservation_and_Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research">Conservation and Scientific Research</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Museum_Department_of_Libraries_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Libraries and Archives">Libraries and Archives</a></li>

<li><a href="Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities and Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="Rondanini_Faun" title="Rondanini Faun">Rondanini Faun</a></li>

<li><i><a href="A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blythe_House" title="Blythe House">Blythe House</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Museum_Act" title="British Museum Act">British Museum Acts</a></li>

<li><a href="Dingwall_Beloe_Lecture_Series" title="Dingwall Beloe Lecture Series">Dingwall Beloe Lectures</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_films_shot_at_the_British_Museum" title="List of films shot at the British Museum">Films shot at the British Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_Case" title="Private Case">Private Case</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Museum#Contested_artefacts" title="British Museum">Repatriation controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Secretum_(British_Museum)" title="Secretum (British Museum)">Secretum</a></li>

<li>Staff

<ul><li><a href="List_of_directors_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of directors of the British Museum">Directors</a></li>

<li><a href="The_British_Museum_Friends" title="The British Museum Friends">Friends</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_keepers_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of keepers of the British Museum">Keepers</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Commission_on_the_British_Museum" title="Royal Commission on the British Museum">Royal Commission on the British Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_trustees_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of trustees of the British Museum">Trustees</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-01-15" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Blau_Monuments&oldid=1269569708">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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